In the Huse lab, we combine imaging technology with synthetic chemistry and materials science to understand how immune cells communicate.
Effective immune responses against infectious agents and cancer require that immune cells traffic to the correct locations and then identify and specifically respond to threats by physically interacting with other cells. Leukocytes are particularly well suited for these tasks because they can completely reorganize their structure in a matter of minutes in response to surface receptor stimulation. This remarkable plasticity enables them to function both rapidly and effectively in a wide variety of physiological contexts. Our lab studies the signaling mechanisms that control leukocyte architecture and also how specific cellular structures contribute to immune function. A better understanding of these issues could aid in the development of strategies to better modulate immune responses in vivo. We are particularly interested in the following properties.
Killer lymphocytes destruction of infected or transformed target cells: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells play a central role in immune responses against intracellular pathogens and tumors. CTLs and NK cells kill by forming a stereotyped interface with their targets, known as a cytolytic immunological synapse, into which they secrete a mixture of toxic perforin and granzymes. Our research efforts in this area focus on 1) how the cytolytic synapse is assembled and 2) how specific aspects of synaptic architecture promote target cell killing. Our approach relies heavily on high-resolution imaging of lymphocyte-to-target-cell interactions.
Strategies for modulating CTL-dependent immune responses during cellular immunotherapy: Building upon our mechanistic understanding of immune cell-to-cell interactions, we are developing ways to control cytotoxic responses in vivo. We are particularly interested in engineering lymphocytes to target tumors with enhanced potency and selectivity.
Cell-to-cell interactions contribution to intercellular communication: A large portion of intercellular communication in the immune system is mediated by transient, structurally dynamic contacts between cells, of which the immunological synapse is a prime example. Although it is generally believed that these interactions control the scope and intensity of information transfer, our knowledge of how they do so is quite limited. We aim to understand how the unique physical environment imposed by the synapse affects the communicative chemical interactions that occur within it.
Multidisciplinary strategies for visualizing intracellular signaling and intercellular communication: Immune cell-to-cell interactions are difficult to study because they undergo continuous structural remodeling and because the participating cells are often quite small. To circumvent these issues, we have developed photochemical reagents that enable us to activate micron-scale polarized signaling responses using a focused pulse of ultraviolet light. We have also applied bioengineering and materials science to create synthetic microenvironments for the observation of localized secretory and biophysical responses. These approaches provide us with an added level of spatiotemporal precision when analyzing the dynamic aspects of immune cell structure and function.
Schematic diagram of the cytolytic immunological synapse formed between a CTL (left) and a target cell (right). The CTL stores toxic perforin and granzyme proteins in intracellular compartments called lytic granules. During synapse formation, these granules coalesce around the CTL centrosome, which reorients to a position just beneath the cell-cell contact. Concomitantly, filamentous actin at the interface is reorganized into a dynamic peripheral ring structure. We are interested in how centrosome reorientation and actin remodeling influence lytic granule secretion at the synapse and control the overall potency and specificity of target cell killing